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Образование Российского государства - часть 3

Завершение объединения русских земель в конце XV — начале XVI вв.

С окончательным признанием наследственных прав московских князей на титул великих князей владимирских процесс объединения земель вокруг Москвы пошел значительно быстрее. Еще при Дмитрии Донском к Москве были присоединены Дмитров, Стародуб и Кострома, значительные территории в Заволжье и ряд мелких княжеств в верховьях Оки. В 1392-1393 гг. к Москве было присоединено Нижегородское княжество; в конце XIV в. земли коми-пермяков по реке Вычегде. Большую роль в присоединении этой территории сыграла миссионерская деятельность просветителя пермской земли и первого пермского епископа Стефана.

Наиболее крупным независимым государственным образованием наряду с Московским княжеством оставался Новгород. В условиях феодальной раздробленности новгородское боярство, лавируя между противоборствующими князьями, сохраняло свои привилегии и независимость Новгородской земли. Когда Москва стала ведущей политической силой, эта тактика себя исчерпала.

В борьбе с Москвой часть новгородского боярства и духовенства стремилась опереться на поддержку Литовского государства, договориться о подчинении Новгорода Литве при условии сохранения власти боярской аристократии. Однако Новгород сознавался и самими новгородцами и жителями северо-востока как неотъемлемая часть русских земель. Поэтому ориентация на враждебное Руси и иноверное (католическое) Литовское государство расценивалась как антинациональная и была крайне непопулярной как в самом Новгороде, так и за его пределами.

В 1456 г. Василий II совершил поход на Новгород, поддерживавший во время феодальной войны Дмитрия Шемяку. После разгрома под Русой был заключен Яжелбицкий договор, согласно которому Новгород уплачивал великому князю большую контрибуцию и обязывался впредь не оказывать поддержки противникам великого князя. Законодательная власть веча была отменена, право внешних сношений ограничено.

В 70-х  гг. XV в. в политической жизни Новгорода усилилось влияние пролитовски настроенной боярской группировки, во главе которой стояли Борецкие. Ответом на это стал поход в 1471 г. на Новгород, организованный великим князем Иваном III (1462-1505) как общерусский поход против отступников к "латинству". В решающем сражении на р. Шелони основная часть новгородского ополчения сражалась неохотно, а архиепископский полк вообще не принимал участия в боевых действиях. Иван III расправился со сторонниками Литвы в среде Новгородского боярства. В 1478 г. независимость Новгородской республики была окончательно ликвидирована, традиционные органы управления — вече и посадник — запрещены, а вечевой колокол увезен в Москву.

В 1485 г. после двухдневного сопротивления Тверь сдалась московским войскам. Большинство тверского боярства перешло на московскую службу. В 1489 г. к Русскому государству была присоединена важная в промысловом отношении Вятка.

Хотя Псков в отличие от Новгорода всегда сохранял верность и поддерживал московских князей, судьба псковской независимости была решена. В 1510 г. в княжение Василия III (1505-1533) Псковская республика прекратила свое существование. Наконец, в 1521 г. перестало существовать находившееся в вассальной зависимости от Москвы Рязанское княжество. Объединение русских земель было в основном завершено.

 

Раздел: История России | Добавил: russia-history (06.07.2008) | Автор: Игорь
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